Nuclear Fusion

Roadmap Overview

The working principle and architecture of Laser Confined Nuclear Fusion is shown in the schematic below.

<ref name="Fusion">[1]</ref>

Nuclear Fusion Technology is a technology that involves the process of combining atomic nuclei to create new nuclei and generate energy in the process. It seeks to replicate the same physical process as the energy source of the Sun and other stars and is also referred to as nuclear fusion. One of the several fusion reactions is expressed as D+T -> 4He+n, where D: Deuterium, T: Tritium, He: Helium, n: neutron. Fusion reactions occur when two or more nuclei come close enough to each other for a long enough time that the nuclear forces attracting the nuclei exceed the electrostatic forces pulling them apart, fusing them into a heavier nucleus. To realize nuclear fusion for energy generation, there are technical challenges, such as plasma control and energy supply, to create and maintain high temperatures and high pressure.

<math>P_\text{fusion} = n_A n_B \langle \sigma v_{A,B} \rangle E_\text{fusion}</math>

where:

• <math>P_\text{fusion}</math> is the energy made by fusion, per time and volume
• n is the number density of species A or B, of the particles in the volume
• <math>\langle \sigma v_{A,B} \rangle</math> is the cross section of that reaction, average over all the velocities of the two species v
• <math>E_\text{fusion}</math> is the energy released by that fusion reaction.

Design Structure Matrix (DSM) Allocation

The 2LCNF tree shows us that Laser Confined Nuclear Fusion is part of larger global Nuclear Fusion Power initiative to harness fusion power. The DSM and tree both show that 2LCNF requires the following technologies at the subsystem level 3: 3LAS Laser, 3TAR ICF Targets, 3DIA Diagnostics, 3CTP Cryogenic Target Positioning, and 3CHB Target Chamber. Each level 3 subsystem also require enabling technologies shown as level 4 systems.

Roadmap Model using OPM

The Object-Process-Diagram (OPD) of the 2LCNF Laser Confined Nuclear Fusion is provided in the figure below. This diagram captures the main object of the roadmap, its various processes and instrument objects, and its characterization by Figures of Merit (FOMs). The Fusing Process is unfolded to show sub-processes and their instrument objects.

Object Process Language1

Object Process Language2

Object Process Language3

Object Process Language4

Unfolding the Fusing Process at level SD1

An Object-Process-Language (OPL) description of the roadmap scope is auto-generated and given below. It reflects the same content as the previous figure, but in a formal natural language.

Figures of Merit

The table below shows a list of FOMs by which Laser Confined Nuclear Fusion, LCNF can be assessed. FOMs on this list related specifically to fusion reactions, such as neutron and fusion yield are similar to other confined fusion experiments. For LCNF, the key FOMs are experiment implosion velocity, laser energy and neutron yield. Fusion yield is intrinsically related to neutron yield.

Important FOMs such as implosion velocity and ITFX can be calculated from the equations in the table below. However, an understanding of neutron yield and thus fusion yield is found through both simulations and experiments in LCNF facilities.

<ref>Laser Indirect Drive input to NNSA 2020 report (LLNL-TR-810573)</ref>

Over the last 50 years, development of LCNF facilities enabled increases in laser energies (delivered to D-T fuelled targets) by 5 orders of magnitude. The National Ignition Facility, NIF at LLNL contains the world's most powerful laser.

<ref>https://www.sseb.org/downloads/AM-2012/presentations/Dunne.pdf</ref>

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Introduction

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