User talk:SAF Brazil

Roadmap Creators: Gabriel Ruscalleda, Emilia Ospina Arango and Dawit Dagnaw

Time Stamp: Updated 10 October 2024

Technology Roadmap Sections and Deliverables

Our technology roadmap identifier is shown as:

• 2BSSAF - Brazil Solution - Sustainable Aviation Fuel

This indicates that we are dealing with a “level 2” roadmap at the product level, where “level 1” would indicate a market level roadmap, "level 2" would indicate our SAF Production and “level 3” or “level 4” would indicate an individual technology roadmap.

Roadmap Overview

The aviation industry, currently responsible for approximately 800-850 million tons of CO2 equivalent emissions annually, faces a significant challenge as demand for air transportation services is projected to double in the coming decades. [1] Despite the inherent difficulties of decarbonizing its fossil-fuel-dependent business model, the global airline industry has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. [1] The primary source of these emissions is the combustion of Conventional Aviation Fuel (CAF), also known as Jet Fuel, which powers aircraft engines. In response to this challenge, Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) have emerged as a crucial milestone in the sector's decarbonization path. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, low-carbon alternative fuels derived from sustainable feedstocks and production processes could potentially reduce emissions by up to 94% compared to CAF, which has an emission factor of 89 gCO2e/MJ.[6] The potential impact of SAFs is substantial, with estimates suggesting they could contribute up to 65% of industry-wide emission reduction targets, [1] making them a key component in the aviation sector's efforts to achieve sustainability and meet its ambitious climate goals.

Brazil's abundant natural resources position it as a key player in the future global sustainable fuel economy, particularly in Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) production. [] The country's strengths align with multiple decarbonization levers,[3] including:

  -	Nature Based Solutions in reforestation of vast degraded/deforested lands to produce 1st or 3rd generation feedstock

  -	Sustainable Agriculture for production of 1st and 3rd generation feedstock using Regenerative Agriculture practices

  -	Renewable Energies to power production with clean energy matrix, offering SAF with higher emission reduction potential

Global SAF production is expected to reach 1.9 billion liters in 2024, three times the production capacity of 2023 estimated at ~500,000 liters per year. [] In a decade, this is forecasted to evolve so that Brazil and US produce equal amounts of SAF (50 B L/year each). [7] While Brazil's domestic SAF demand is estimated at 8 billion liters per year, the US is expected to require 120 billion liters annually, positioning Brazil in a unique position to become a supplier for the global market with its substantial production surplus[7]

Considering Brazil's agricultural strengths and competitive advantages, [3] the most promising short-term SAF production pathways are HEFA and ATJ, leveraging well-established ethanol infrastructure, while long-term prospects (subject to technological progress) include hydrogen and e-fuels produced with renewable energy. The development of Brazil's SAF ecosystem will largely depend on public policy, with positive signals from Brazil’s government through the approval of "Lei do Combustível do Futuro," which mandates increased use of biofuels and aims for a 10% reduction in airline emissions by 2037. [4]

This roadmap explores the dilemma of SAF scalability in Brazil, focusing on two critical aspects: availability and affordability. The feedstock supply and production capacity are analyzed within the country, and innovative strategies are proposed to enhance scalability. Additionally, economic competitiveness of SAF will be evaluated and compared to conventional jet fuel, considering factors such as production costs, market incentives, and policy support in Brazil.

The figure below contains graphic representation of the SAF supply chain from the SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) can be produced through various technological pathways using diverse feedstock combinations, resulting in different types of SAF. Currently, more than 11 production pathways and multiple feedstocks are under active research, with new methods and potential materials expected to emerge in the coming years. Several pathways have successfully produced drop-in fuels that meet quality standards and are compatible with existing aircraft, airplane systems, and pipeline infrastructure. Although successful test flights have been conducted using 100% SAF (neat SAF), current usage primarily involves blending SAF with conventional jet fuel in varying proportions, partly due to supply constraints. The aviation industry continues to explore and refine SAF production methods, focusing on expanding viable feedstocks, improving production efficiency, and increasing SAF yield and quality. For a comprehensive understanding of feedstocks and their associated pathways, refer to the illustration provided below.

　 Three generations of feedstocks are defined on the IATA SAF Handbook based on their usage chronology, emission reduction potential, sustainability criteria, environmental impact, and availability:

1.First Generation (1G): Includes food-grade fats and oils like canola, palm, and soybean. While technologically mature and commercially scalable, they pose sustainability issues such as competing with food supply and high land usage.

2.Second Generation (2G): Comprises waste fats, oils, and greases (FOGs) like used cooking oil and inedible animal fats. These are more sustainable than 1G due to higher emission reduction and no additional land usage, but are more expensive due to limited supply.

3.Third Generation (3G): Encompasses biological/agricultural wastes and energy crops from degraded land, including municipal solid waste, forestry residues, and algae oils. They offer the most positive environmental impact and cost benefits but require advanced processing technologies.

Design Structure Matrix (DSM) Allocation

The tree below shows the relationship between other technologies related to the SAF. It is focus on the enabling technologies to SAF, considering key feedstocks and processes. Starting from our main goal to decarbonize aviation (1ACO), 2SAF plays an important role and can be decomposed in multiple technologies. Focusing on feedstock classification, SAF can be made out of two main technologies including Biofuels (3BFU) making technologies and e-fuels (3FU) making technologies such as 4HEF, 4ATJ, 4FTS and 4PTL. These technologies possess a dependency with specific feedstock technologies and processes such as 5FFO, 5HPS, 5WFO, 5ALG, 5NFW, 5AJC, 5MSW, 5FAR, 5CNG and 5WCO.

The DSM below shows the connections of SAF to Level 3, 4 and 5 technologies. These connections will be presented in more detailed in the next section using Object-Process-Model (OPM).

Roadmap Model using OPM

The Object-Process-Model (OPM) of the 2BSSAF - Brazil Solution - Sustainable Aviation Fuel roadmap is presented in the figures with the Object-Process-Language (OPL) below. The OPM was divided in two OPMs: Level 1 and Level 2. Level 1 focuses on the main stakeholders including the Feedstock Producer, Fuel Producers, Government (policy, guidelines, sponsorship), Regulators and Certifiers while Level 2 focuses on the feedstocks and SAF making technologies.

Level 1 OPM

Level 2 OPM

Figures of Merit

The table below shows a list of FOMs focus on productivity, scalability, accessibility & cost of pathways for evaluation of SAF’s production ecosystem.

Category	Figure of Merit	Units	Description
Competitiveness	SAF unit cost	[USD/ton]	Market cost of SAF per unit of volume or energy
	Cost per reduced ton	[USD / tCO2e​]	Incremental cost per ton of carbon equivalent reduced vs CAF
	Investment potential	[USD / tCO2e​]	Financing opportunity per potential unit output of technology
	Installation cost per unit	[USD / L]	Cost of deploying SAF production infrastructure relative to capability
Efficiency	Energy efficiency	[%]	Energy input to produce SAF vs energy output in SAF
Productivity	Feedstock crop yield	[Ton / ha]	Crop yield in volume produced per unit area
	Feedstock availability	[Ton / year]	Crop availability in volume produced per year
	SAF conversion yield	[%]	SAF produced with relation to total refinery biofuel production
Performance	Energy density	[MJ/L]	Energy content per unit volume of fuel
	Blend ratio of pathway/feedstock	[%]	Volume SAF relative to total volume of fuel after blend
Sustainability	Carbon savings potential	[tCO2e / L]	Potential reduction in emissions for use of SAF vs CAF as baseline
	Carbon emissions	[gCO2e / MJ]	Life-cycle carbon equivalent emissions to generate unit of fuel

Alignment with Company Strategic Drivers

Step 1 - Identification of Key Stakeholders To SAF production ecosystem

Inside system boundary:

1. Feedstock Supplier
2. Fuel Producers
3. Technology Providers
4. Airlines
5. Brazil Government (policy, guidelines, sponsorship)
6. Regulators
7. Certifiers
8. Investors

Outside system boundary:

1. Airports
2. Aircraft OEMs
3. Engine OEMs
4. Research Institutions (R&D)
5. End-consumer (passenger)

Step 2 - Identification of strategic drivers of key stakeholders inside boundary

Internal Stakeholder and Strategic Drivers

Internal Stakeholder	Strategic Drivers
Fuel Producer (our “company”)	Generate a profit from production & commercialization of SAF Maximize revenue from product portfolio Maximize sustainability practices and traceability of product offered to increase perceived quality and market value of SAF Capture market share and establish long-term alliances with off-takers or others [If involved in fossil fuels] Stay ahead and develop alternative business lines to minimize impact of transition to alternative fuel sources
Feedstock Suppliers	Generate a profit from sale of carbon source produced (bio-fuel or e-fuel) Increase productive capacity and efficiency Maximize sustainability practices and traceability to increase perceived quality and market value of feedstock
Technology Providers	Generate a profit from sale of goods/services required for SAF production Develop new technologies that provide competitive advantage for firm Secure long-term contracts or partnerships with main SAF stakeholders
Airlines	Remain operational and financially viable while complying with increasing environmental regulatory pressure Transition to alternative fuels leveraging existing infrastructure and equipment Guarantee long-term business stability in midst of growing external pressures towards fewer travel unless sustainable alternatives are developed
Regulators	Advocate for reduction of carbon emissions in line with GHG Protocol and Paris Agreements Ensure safety and quality standards of all stakeholders involved are met
Certifiers	Generate profit by certifying sustainability claims Guarantee compliance with commitments and technical standards
Investors	Maximize ROI from available capital Benefit from positive externalities of supporting decarbonization efforts Develop or acquire a share in companies/projects that will enable them to capture a substantial share of what is to be a growing, profitable market
Brazil Government	Generate revenue to further invest in country’s development and capture benefits from past investments in generating required capabilities Convert competitive advantage potential into effective market share and dominant position in fuel economy of the future, both locally and internationally Become an active player in global decarbonization efforts leveraging country’s abundance of natural resources and renewable energy capacities Stimulate production and demand through public policies Advance own country’s decarbonization targets and commitments

Step 3 - Identification of strategic drivers for potential sponsors for our "company"

Why is SAF at the core of Embraer's future? While manufacturing aircraft is what Embraer does best, becoming enablers of the air service industry’s decarbonization journey, as well as Brazil’s own role in it, is a central element of its identity, purpose, and strategy. From a SAF perspective, the priority is increasing SAF production capacity at a competitive price and through sustainable practices, betting on the substantial effect that a sustainable fuel source can have towards building industry resilience and guaranteeing long-term stability of business.

What are Embraer’s main goals in the SAF Production Ecosystem?

• Articulate ecosystem to accelerate the sustainable, scalable & financially viable production of SAFs
• Develop new value-generating business lines. Disrupt their own business before 3rd parties do it first, without adopting a producer role but exploring avenues for investment or development of tangential business opportunities
• Stimulate the economy of their home country
• Contribute to fulfillment of Embraer’s Scope 1, 2, & 3 decarbonization commitments
• Enable customers to fulfill their own Scope 1 & 2 decarbonization commitments
• Attract resources from external (skeptical) investors towards SAF Ecosystem by adopting a proactive role in it
• Develop alliances and strategic partnerships with stakeholders in Ecosystem
• Evolve and inform strategic decisions as to where will Embraer’s “right-to-play” in the SAF Ecosystem

Positioning of Company vs. Competition

Brazil is emerging to become a dominant player in the global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) market, leveraging its vast agricultural resources, well-established ethanol industry, and strong government support. As the world's second-largest ethanol producer, Brazil offers abundant feedstocks for SAF production, including sugarcane and corn, with lower carbon intensity compared to other sources. The Brazilian government's commitment to SAF development, coupled with established biofuel policies, provides a strong foundation for growth. It is suggested that Brazil could produce up to 50 billion liters of SAF annually by 2030, rivaling US production potential. This trend can be seen in the Table and Bar Chart below when comparing current production and future projections for top SAF Producers against Brazil producers. While facing competition from the United States and European countries, Brazil's lower production costs and abundant feedstock supply could give it an advantage. Local producers like Raízen, BP Bunge, and Petrobras are driving the industry's future, focusing on both domestic production and export markets. Major international players such as Shell and BP are also investing in Brazilian SAF production, indicating strong market confidence.

SAF & Renewable Diesel Producers, Partnerships, and Innovations

Producer	Production	Product	Partnership	Innovation
Acelen (BR)	1 BL	SAF & Renewable Diesel	Government of Bahia, Honeywell, Embrapa	Honeywell's Ecofining technology, utilizing the macaúba palm
Petrobras (BR)	1.2 BL	SAF and Renewable Diesel	MOU with Mubadala Capital for biorefinery projects	Honeywell UOP’s HEFA technology
Raizen (BR)	3.3 BL	Ethanol for SAF production	Embraer	First global certification for SAF production from ethanol
BBF (BR)	0.63 BL	SAF	Vibra Energia	HydroFlex & H2Bridge for HVO
Neste (FIN)	1.5 BL*	SAF	Partnerships with United Airlines and Air New Zealand	Development of NEXBTL™ technology for SAF production
Aemetis (US)	0.340 BL*	SAF, Renewable Diesel	American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Cathay Pacific, 10 airlines total	Utilizes Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) to produce SAF and has developed specific processes for converting ethanol into olefins
Gevo (US)	0.227 BL*	SAF	American Airlines, Delta Airlines, Trafigura, Kolmar, British Airways, Alaska Airlines, etc.	Utilizes Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) to produce SAF and has developed specific processes for converting ethanol into olefins
Shell PLC (UK)	2.5 BL*	SAF, Renewable Diesel	Lufthansa, JetBlue, Emirates, SkyNRG	Investing in HEFA technology for SAF production and enhancing supply chain capabilities
LanzaJet (US)	0.038 BL*	SAF	Breakthrough Energy	Ethanol-based alcohol-to-jet technology
SkyNRG (NL)	~1 BL*	SAF	Boeing, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines	Investing in HEFA technology for SAF production and enhancing supply chain capabilities
World Energy (US)	0.318 BL*	SAF	Air Products, Honeywell UOP	HEFA technology, extensive capacity expansion including a $2 billion project
Total Energies (FR)	1.9 BL*	SAF	Partnership with Sinopec for SAF production in China; Air France-KLM for supply of 1.5 million tons of SAF annually by 2030.	Investing in the Grandpuits site conversion into a zero-crude platform primarily for SAF from circular feedstock.
ENEOS (JAP)	0.4 BL*	SAF	TotalEnergies, Japan Airlines	Integrated SAF supply chain, in-house manufacturing.

Technical Model

The morphological matrix and tradespace for our SAF roadmap. As in the OPM, the connection of each design to the pathways are shown in the table. Co-processing provides advantages with scalability for HEFA pathway.

Decision Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Feedstock Detail	FFO - Food-grade Fats & Oils	WFO - Waste Fats & Oil	ALG - Algae Oil	NFW - Non-Crop Food Waste	MSW - Municipal Solid Waste	FAR - Forest & Agricultural Residues	CNG - Coal, Natural Gas, Biomass	WCO - CO₂ & H₂O
Feedstock Generation	1st	2nd	3rd	3rd	3rd	3rd	3rd	3rd
Feedstock Type	Bio-Fuels	Bio-Fuels	Bio-Fuels	Bio-Fuels	Bio-Fuels	Bio-Fuels	Bio-Fuels	E-fuels
Process	Coprocessing	Coprocessing	Coprocessing	Processing	Processing	Processing	Processing	Processing
Pathways	HEFA	HEFA	HEFA, AtJ, FT	HEFA, AtJ, FT	FT	AtJ & FT	FT	PtL
Carbon Intensity (g CO₂/MJ)	15-30	10-20	0-15	15-30	10-30	5-20	70-90	0
Energy Density (MJ/kg)	~37	~37	~35	~37	~36	~37	~38	~40
Production Cost ($/L)	$1.0 - 1.5	$0.7 - 1.2	$2.0 - 3.5	$1.5 - 2.5	$1.0 - 2.0	$1.2 - 2.0	$0.8 - 1.5	$3.0+
Blending Ratio	Up to 50%	Up to 50%	Up to 100%	Up to 50%	Up to 50%	Up to 50%	Up to 50%	Up to 100%
Production Scalability	Small to Medium	Medium	Small	Medium	Medium to Large	Medium to Large	Large	Small

SAF feedstock inputs for each category of the four key pathways is included in the table above. The equations governing the feedstock production costs are based on conversion efficiency and input cost of feedstock. The higher conversion efficiency for Power-to-Liquid will potentially make it economical as it has the lowest carbon intensity of all the four pathways. Unit costs of hydrogen and carbon sources coupled with low renewable electricity costs are key for scalability.

Governing Equations and Data

Inputs	Key Relationship or Governing Equation	Outputs
Biomass mass, feedstock cost, and conversion efficiency		HEFA (Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids) unit cost
Biomass mass, feedstock cost, and conversion efficiency		Fischer-Tropsch (FT) unit cost
Alcohol feedstock (ethanol and iso-butanol)		Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ) unit cost
Hydrogen unit cost, Carbon unit cost, and conversion efficiency		Power-to-Liquid (PtL) unit cost

Feedstock carbon intensity and production costs are two key figures of merit (FOM) analyzed comparing different SAF pathways and feedstocks. While PtL has the highest production cost, it has the lowest carbon intensity. It has great potential to move to Utopia Point with more technological advancements and cost-efficiency improvements. HEFA continues to lower cost, making it scalable, but it has a relatively higher carbon intensity than the other feedstocks.

Tradespace for SAF Feedstock Types

Tradespace for SAF feedstock types along a two-dimensional Pareto front (Carbon Intensity and Feedstock production cost).

Key Publications, Presentations and Patents

Article 1. Cost and emissions pathways towards net-zero climate impacts in aviation

Authors: Dray, Lynnette, Andreas W. Schäfer, Carla Grobler, Christoph Falter, Florian Allroggen, Marc E. J. Stettler, and Steven R. H. Barrett

Source: Nature Climate Change 12, no. 10 (October 2022): 956–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01485-4

Highlights:

Aviation emissions are not on track to meet Paris Climate Agreement goals, but fuel pathways such as synthetic fuels from biomass, green hydrogen and atmospheric CO2, and direct use of green liquid hydrogen could reduce lifecycle aviation CO2 emissions by 89-94% compared to 2019 levels, despite a 2-3x growth in demand by 2050.

These pathways would require investments of $0.5-2.1 trillion over 30 years, leading to ticket price increases of no more than 15% and demand suppression of less than 14%. However, they only reduce aviation's overall CO2-equivalent emissions by 46-69%, so more action is still needed to mitigate non-CO2 climate impacts.

Analysis:

Difficulty of decarbonizing aviation lies in “high growth rates, long-lived assets, non CO2 impacts of similar magnitude to CO2, and no commercially available scalable carbon neutral technology”. The overarching equation that describes the aviation's contribution to CO2 emissions is described as follows:

Where RTK:

Represents demand in the form of Revenue per Tonne-Km. RTK is forecasted to grow 2x or 3x by 2050 however increase in costs from tangential decarbonization measures will have demand feedbacks captured by this term. No explicit demand restrictions or prohibitions are contemplated.

Energy/RTK:

Represents energy intensity of air transportation system, considering operational efficiency, utilization of existing capacity and aircraft fuel efficiency. It is therefore addressed through new aircraft architectures or operational optimization measures. It is unlikely to be a major driver of reductions considering heavy dependence on natural attrition cycles of existing aircrafts, which have a life cycle of 20-30 years and a long lead time between purchase and delivery.

CO2e/Energy:

Represents climate intensity of fuels and is therefore addressed through the incorporation of alternative fuels with lower fuel GHG emissions, in the form of biofuels or e-fuels.

Offsets:

Represents purchase of reductions in other sectors, or carbon sequestration alternatives when reduction of own footprint is not accomplished.

Considering limitations of impact driven by both RTK and Energy/RTK, as well as potential doubts regarding reduction effectiveness and verification of offset schemes, the article centers on CO2e/Energy as the main lever the industry has left to action on:

• Drop-in fuels, in the form of biofuels or e-fuels, produced from sequestered carbon atoms through pathways at different degrees of technological readiness. Most viable in the short term but subject to biomass supply constrains

• Non-drop in fuels in the form of cryogenic, hydrogen or electricity, despite substantial investments required in aviation and aircraft infrastructure that limit scale-up before 2030. Others like ammonia or liquid natural gas are excluded from publication considering toxicity or low energy availability.

Main characteristics of possible energy carriers are detailed in Table 1.

Conclusions:

Synthetic low carbon fuels are a key element to achieve net zero emissions in aviation, and though fuel efficiency can contribute with 25% of overall emissions, it is imperative to adopt alternative fuel sources such as biofuels, power-to-liquid or liquid hydrogen for further reductions.

Though biofuels will most likely play an important role in the near term, the scarcity of biomass for their production limits their long term effect. To enable a more stable transition, it is essential to leverage renewable electricity for production of power-to-liquid and liquid hydrogen.

Impacts beyond fuel will contribute to abatement but require substantial investments in research and technology to overcome technical and operational challenges. And all of this will come at a cost that will need to be counterbalanced through cost-saving measures in efficiency that help keep airfare increases for the final consumer between 10% - 15%.

Article 2. Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment of Renewable Jet Fuel Production in Integrated Brazilian Sugarcane Biorefineries

Authors: Bruno Colling Klein, Mateus Ferreira Chagas, Tassia Lopes Junqueira, Mylene Cristina Alves Ferreira Rezende, Terezinha de Fátima Cardoso, Otavio Cavalett, Antonio Bonomi

Source: *Applied Energy*, 209, 290–305 (January 1, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.079

Highlights:

• Study sponsored by Embraer, The Boeing Company, and CTBE compares routes for SAF production in integrated sugarcane biorefineries in Brazil, from an economic and environmental performance.
• All biorefineries are assumed to be self-sufficient with no reliance on external energy sources and benchmarked against a base case that comprises an ethanol distillery operating during the sugarcane season.
• 8 scenarios with sugarcane mills are annexed to 3 ASTM-approved SAF technologies evaluated for a series of eligible feedstock in the Brazilian context:

* HEFA
   * Palm Oil
   * Macauba Oil
   * Soybean Oil
 * FT Gasification
   * Sugarcane straw and bagasse
   * Eucalyptus lignocellulosic material
 * ATJ
   * Ethanol 1G
   * Ethanol 2G
   * Isobutanol

• Main conclusions:

o HEFA based biorefineries yielded highest production capacity of SAF (267 M L/y) o FT produced SAF at the most competitive cost however with low levels of output and heavily dependent of feedstock and process configuration o All routes enable an overall positive climate change impact of ~70% when compared to conventional Jet Fuel

Detailed overview:

The study considers a "self-sufficient" biorefinery that operates out of a variety of biomass feedstock and does not require external supply of electricity, natural gas or others for operations. Energetic requirements of plant are met by burning bagasse and straw (occasionally) in Cogeneration of Heat and Power units to produce steam and electricity, where excess electricity is sold to the grid

Sugarcane production in Brazil follows one of three plant configurations:

• Autonomous Ethanol Distillery: Y: 100% Ethanol

• Sugar factory: 100% Sugar

• Sugar factory with annexed ethanol distillery: Both Ethanol and Sugar

Study focuses on Autonomous Ethanol Distillery as host plants for production of SAF.

• Main output: hydrous ethanol (93% w/w)

• Differentiating factor: Use of 50% of recovered straw through second-pass straw harvesting process increases power output vs mills that dont

Conventional way of addressing and studying SAF's impact and feasibility often center in standalone production plants. The article explores the potential for risk-mitigation and reduction of the MJSP as a result of establishing an integrated biorefinery configuration. Though some previous studies have evaluated similar hypothesis for ATJ, the research extends the hypothesis to also cover FT and HEFA pathways in the Brazilian context.

HEFA Route:

• Explored 3 types of vegetable oils through the process illustrated in Fig 1.a. to evaluate their hydrocarbon production potential. This is mainly determined by the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids which has a direct effect on the amount of hydrogen needed for the conversion into liquid hydrocarbon.

• Consumption was found to be most efficient for Palm Oil (31.7 kg H2/ton Oil) followed by Macauba Oil (33.3 kg H2/ton Oil) and finally Soybean Oil (37.7 kg H2/ton Oil)

• Plant capacity is determined by surplus electricity as limiting factor for H2 production, as supplied from annexed sugar cane mill

FT Route:

• Explores lignocellulosic material from two sources: sugarcane and Eucalyptus. Both biomass have a similar chemical composition and are of significant importance in Brazil's energy sources

• Output of FT process is heavily reliant on scale of plant, process configuration and feedstock type/composition

• Given the sensibility of the process to the initial state of the biomass, development of efficient pretreatment options is a key factor in allowing for a financially viable scaling

• Process has a series of byproducts including large volumes of Green Naphtha and energy, in the form of steam from high-temperature process in the thermochemical plant that can act as energy sources for annexed sugarcane mill

• Plant capacity is determined by amount of biomass produced, considering seasonality and availability of feedstock

ATJ:

• Explores 1G and 2G Ethanol with the hope of leveraging existing ethanol-producing infrastructure in Brazil as well as Isobutanol as a result of fermentation of sugarcane juice

• Process has a series of byproducts including Green Naptha and Green Diesel

• Plant capacity is determined by alcohol availability as produced by sugarcane mill, reserving a proportion of it to continue operating the plant in off-season

Both HEFA and ATJ routes require hydrogen as an input for SAF production. Considering the self-sufficiency aspect of the biorefinery in question, multiple methods for its in-situ synthesis are mentioned, ultimately postulating Water Electrolysis as the most adequate in the context of Brazilian sugarcane mills. Other methods such as methanol/ethanol steam reforming exhibited short comings such as excessive reliance on fossil fuels, low cost-efficiency or required proximity to the natural gas grid. The authors highlight further the attractiveness of the Water Electrolysis process when considering the generation of ethanol as byproduct and its importance for the Brazilian biofuel economy.

Technoeconomic assessment:

• Production costs of the different biomasses are contemplated, leveraging information from comprehensive databases of agricultural production

• Minimum selling prices of oil are determined considering all the revenues of coproducts from processing and extraction of grains/seeds/fruits into oil under a predetermined IRR for the plant, as well as including capital and transportation costs.

• Similarly, green Diesel produced as byproduct is assumed to be recirculated to meet demands from agricultural production process, estimated at 4L diesel/ton of sugarcane, helping lower overall biomass production costs and lowering associated environmental impacts.

• HEFA and FT biorefineries replace 100% of the fossil fuels required as input with green diesel byproduct, ATJ still requires external fuel to some extent

• Liquid hydrocarbon output increases when biorefinery operates with multiple types of biomass and larger volumes, rather than off a single one

• Land use and direct occupation of agricultural land are also evaluated, concluding that ATJ requires the least extension, followed by Macauba and Palm HEFA routes which produce higher volumes of SAF with less area than their Soybean counterpart.

The main inputs and outputs of the technoeconomic assessment for the 8 pathways are described below in Table 4. The series on underlying assumptions are discussed in detail in the article:

Environmental assessment:

• All SAFs routes explored offer a reduction to global environmental impact of across 70% when compared to alternative conventional jet fuels. Specific reduction is heavily dependent on specific production path, as presented in Table 9 below.

• However, at a local scale they have adverse impacts, particularly related to toxicity, acidification of land and land occupation inherently related with agricultural production chain of feedstock.

• Between the 8 scenarios analyzed, FT routes exhibit best environmental performance, followed by ATJ's performance which is heavily impacted by low conversion yields and fewer coproducts to share the environmental impact. Lastly, HEFA exhibits the least favorable scenario due to the large volume of input required and the heavy use of fertilizers associated to them.

Patent 1 . US 12060531 B1

Name: Production of Fules from Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids, Low Carbon Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide in an integrated HEFA and E-Fuels plant

Applicant: Infinium Technology, LLC, Sacramento, CA (US)

Inventors: Robert Schuetzle, Sacramento, CA (US); Harold Wright, Menomonee Falls, WI (US); Benjam

Date: 2024-08-13

Need addressed:

Environmental impact of fossil fuels in transportation sectors, particularly aviation and heavy transport considering difficulties in electrification.

Invention:

Process for producing synthetic jet fuel and/or diesel fuel through integration of production facilities for HEFA, low-carbon hydrogen and electric fuels (E Fuels).

Background:

• Combustion of fossil fuel in engines of transportation vehicles produces carbon dioxide, and other gases that have been linked to adverse climate change effects. This has led to increasing pressure for decarbonization of the sector, either through renewable energy or electrification of vehicles. However, electrification has limitations either in terms of cost or feasibility, making efficient and economical production of diesel and sustainable aviation fuel essential to attain meaningful reductions in transportation sector emissions.

• Renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO's) such as electricity, hydrogen and CO2 have gained traction considering their sourcing does not lead to depletion of resources or compete with production for food resources, as do Biofuels.

• Three different pathways for synthesis of renewable diesel or aviation fuel are discussed, with multiple processes for each:

HEFA: conversion of Hydro-processed Esters and Fatty Acids in vegetable oils and fats

• Production of fuel through one of three routes with different sub-products:

 * Decarboxylation (DCOX): Fats are converted into hydrocarbons and CO₂
 * Decarbonylation (DCON): Hydrogen is added and fats are converted into hydrocarbons, water, and CO
 * Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO): Hydrogen is added and fats are converted into hydrocarbons and water

• These processes produce light gases alongside the primary fuel products

Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) consists on the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide

• Production of heavy waxes, which are then hydrocracked into usable fuels (diesel, naphtha, etc.)

• Usually requires catalysts based on cobalt or iron

Direct Liquid Fuel Production (Direct LFP):

• Production of liquid fuels without first making wax therefore eliminating the need for hydrocracking (process that requires substantial capital)

• Current invention offers an improvement versus previous Direct LFP processes and solves issues associated to blending straight-run F-T kerosene into SPK

E-Fuels

• Production of synthetic fuels from waste CO2 and low-carbon hydrogen, preventing their eventual release into the atmosphere

• Traditionally powered by renewable energy sources for hydrogen electrolysis

Invention overview:

• Integrated facility for production of renewable diesel, SAF or a combination of the two using waste CO2 and light-gas byproducts of parallel HEFA production processes

• Process integrates by-products from HEFA (like light gases) into the eFuels process, enhancing efficiency and lowering the carbon intensity of the final fuels

• Multiple embodiments are described in which C1-C4 gases are recirculated or re-introduced with the purpose of producing specific inputs or additional hydrocarbon products in downstream processes, enhancing overall environmental and economic attractiveness of invention

• Invention also focuses on ensuring that the produced fuels meet aviation standards and maintain high yields of desirable hydrocarbon fractions, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable energy landscape.

Patent 2. US 20230242822 AI

Name: Production of Sustainable Aviation Fuel From CO2 and Low-Carbon Hydrogen

Applicant: INFINIUM TECHNOLOGY, LLC, Sacramento, CA (US)

Inventor: Dennis SCHUETZLE, Grass Valley, CA (US); Robert SCHUETZLE, Sacramento, CA (US); James BUCHER, Boston, MA (US); Matthew CALDWELL, West Sacramento, CA (US); Anja Rumplecker GALLOWAY, San Rafael, CA (US); Orion HANBURY, Sacramento, CA (US); Glenn MCGINNIS, Sun Lakes, AZ (US)

Date: Aug. 3 2023

Need addressed Increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere, resultant from burning fossil fuels, are closely linked with climate change. The aviation industry is responsible for ~2% of global emissions given its heavy reliance on petroleum for generation of jet fuel. Sustainable Aviation Fuel addresses the environmental concerns; however, its cost relative to conventional fuel substantially limits its widespread adoption.

Invention "The field of the invention is a process to produce synthetic jet fuel, jet fuel components, or synthetic paraffinic kerosene from low carbon hydrogen and captured CO2."

Background

• Petroleum-derived Jet Fuel is governed through strict quality standards (i.e., ASTM D1655). Aircrafts and engines have been optimized for the past few decades to have an ever better fuel efficiency.
• Since the introduction of alternative fuels, non-petroleum based, the ASTM introduced a new standard ASTM D7566-21 with which biofuels or e-fuels must comply, regardless of the pathway through which they are synthesized.
• Fischer Tropsch synthesis is one of the routes for production of SPK (Synthesized Paraffin Kerosene) in compliance with ASTM D7566. FT processes often result in heavier waxes (C24 and above), which must be further processed through hydrocracking or hydroisomerization to create suitable jet fuel.
• Though multiple FT routes exist, they have limitations to which the present invention poses solutions.

Invention overview

• New approach to SAF production addresses challenges with blending F-T kerosene by using hydroisomerization. This process alters the structure of n-alkanes into isoparaffins, improving the blend's quality for use in aviation fuel. Additionally, another method involves oligomerizing C5-C9 hydrocarbons from the F-T process to create kerosene that can be used as jet fuel, offering a more efficient route to producing high-quality SPK.
• Overall process consists of using low-carbon or renewable electricity for water electrolysis. This process in turn generates hydrogen and oxygen, the latter of which is then reacted with CO2 to produce carbon monoxide.
• Carbon monoxide is then combined with hydrogen to produce a mixture of carbon chains of varying length in a process called Liquid Fuel Production. The resultant liquid product is then separated according to number of carbons and further processed to create SAF or other byproducts as described by multiple embodiment alternatives.
• Invention exhibits a higher kerosene selectivity between 50% - 100%, as opposed to 40% achieved in previous patents of reference.

References

[1] “Developing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF).” Accessed October 6, 2024. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/sustainability/sustainable-aviation-fuels/

[2] IATA, “SAF Handbook”, May 2024. https://www.iata.org/contentassets/d13875e9ed784f75bac90f000760e998/saf-handbook.pdf

[3] BCG, “Brazil Climate Report 2024”, September 2024. https://web-assets.bcg.com/60/86/f21ad8b64238aac139c9c95624e3/brazil-climate-summit-2024.pdf

[4] Portal da Câmara dos Deputados. “Entra em vigor a ‘Lei do Combustível do Futuro’ - Notícias.” Accessed October 9, 2024. https://www.camara.leg.br/noticias/1101627-entra-em-vigor-a-lei-do-combustivel-do-futuro/.

[5] U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2022. SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap: Flight Plan for Sustainable Aviation Fuel. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/beto-saf-gc-roadmap-report-sept-2022.pdf

[6] Litoral Press. “El Mercurio,” April 18, 2024. https://www.litoralpress.cl/sitio/Prensa_Detalles.cshtml?LPKey=NIKYMS2WMDPQQYZFDBKTCTO4BRTUQCQSU6C2XUEHIL5WPDACR6LQA6OINT3J5EFUEQBSBYX4DNSIA.

[7] “Brasil Pode Ser a ‘Arábia Saudita Do SAF’, Prevê CEO Da Airbus - AgFeed.” Accessed October 7, 2024. https://agfeed.com.br/negocios/brasil-pode-ser-a-arabia-saudita-do-saf-preve-ceo-da-airbus/#.