16.89J System Engineering SP2019

Pre-Survey

Complete the Pre-Survey at https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfncgYlUzPcsfu-wsOIABnswz5eLVia1Pp9PUgod7UCw7bqgw/viewform

Course Description

Focus on developing space system architectures. Applies subsystem knowledge to examine interactions between subsystems in the context of a space system design. Principles and processes of systems engineering including developing space architectures, developing and writing requirements, and concepts of risk are explored and applied to the project. Subject develops, documents, and presents a conceptual design of a space system including a preliminary spacecraft design.

Prereq: 16.851 or permission of instructor

Units and Work

Units: 12 units total, 4-2-6 (4 units for lectures/recitations, 2 units for laboratory, design, or field work, and 6 units for outside preparation). Note that 1 MIT unit ≈ 14 hours of work per term.

Class Project and Deliverables

Deliverables

In 2019 we celebrate the 50th anniversary of the successful Apollo 11 mission which for the first time landed humans on the lunar surface. Now we are looking for a return of humans to the Moon, but as a stepping stone to Mars. The overall deliverable of the class is an executable architecture for a human return to the Moon, however not as a final or only destination but as a staging point for sustainable missions to Mars.

• A tradespace analysis for “return to the Moon” architectures with humans, including and evaluation according to key objectives such as the number of person-days spent on the lunar surface, total cargo delivered, scientific return, lifecycle cost ($) and risk (Loss of Mission LoM, Loss of Vehicle LoV, Loss of Crew LoC)
• A recommendation as to which of these architectures are Pareto-optimal (non-dominated) if we focus only on returning to and establishing a permanent or semi-permanent presence on the Moon
• As a subset of the lunar-only analysis explore and develop preferred architectures for access to the lunar surface from the proposed NASA Lunar Gateway. This deliverable will support the 2019 RASC-AL competition (Theme 3)
• Implementation of the preferred lunar-only architecture in SpaceNet to validate its feasibility in terms of propulsive and logistics requirements
• An expansion of the architectural tradespace to include both the Moon and Mars, where the key idea is to compare architectures that bypass the Moon entirely, with those that utilize the Moon as a stepping or logistical base for sustainable and repeated missions to Mars as a precursor to a permanent human settlement on Mars
• An evaluation of Pareto-optimal architectures for “Moon to Mars” whereby the subset of lunar-only architectures that can serve as a building block are clearly identified. The key objectives are the same as before: number of person-days spent on the lunar surface, total cargo delivered, scientific return, lifecycle cost ($) and risk
• A recommended technology roadmap for NASA and other organizations to implement the top recommended 2-3 architectures for Moon-to-Mars on a proposed timeline:
  • Propulsion technologies using both chemical, NTR and solar-electric propulsion
  • ISRU (In-Situ Resource Utilization)
  • Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS)
  • Spacesuits and Surface Mobility Technologies
  • Entry-Descent and Landing (EDL) Technologies
  • Fuel Depots and Transfer Technologies
  • Autonomous Robotic Agents as required
  • Others
• A final demonstration of an integrated Moon-to-Mars architecture simulation and final presentation to key stakeholders

Learning outcomes

• Apply the techniques of system thinking generally to issues encountered in life
• Describe and apply the techniques of system architecture and design:
  • Stakeholder analysis, requirements definition, decision analysis, tradespace analysis, metrics
• Participate in and lead the process of space system design from stakeholders to goals to concept and architecture
• Describe other aspects which influence system design:
  • Supply chain (in particular space logistics), regulation, policy, technology roadmapping

In the class we will use the Apollo architecture to the Moon as a starting point.

Below is a broader perspective of the Earth-Moon-Mars system (Space Logistics Network):

File:Moon Mars.png

In order to enable space exploration and settlement of Moon and Mars a number or key elements are needed, some historical and some future ones such as:

• Launchers

• Apollo Command/Service Module

• International Space Station (ISS)

• Orion

• Apollo Lunar Module (LEM)

• Altair Lander

• Mars Functions

Agile Methodology and XLP

Instead of the classical waterfall approach with a PDR and CDR we will be implementing an agile methodology with 2-week sprints. At the end of each sprint, the student team(s) will give a live demo and receive feedback from the Customers and the Business Owner. The only formal presentation will be Demo 6 at the end of the class.

SAFe 4.0 Methodology

We will adopt the Essential SAFe 4.0 Methodology for the agile work in this class.

At the Program Level the following individuals will support the class:

• Customer: Prof. Jeff Hoffman and a small group of experienced space systems engineers
• Business Owner: Prof. Olivier de Weck
• System Architect: Prof. Ed Crawley
• Product Manager: Axel Garcia
• There will be no Release Train Engineer (RTE)

At the Team Level the following individuals will support the class:

• Product Owner: Student Leader responsible for the deliverables (can switch between sprints)
• Scrum Master: Student Leader responsible for managing each sprint (can switch between sprints)
• Agile Team: Student contributors to the deliverables

File:SAFe.jpg

In addition to Agile we will be using the XLP (Extreme Learning Process) on an experimental basis.

XLP stands for Extreme Learning Process, a methodology that lets communities of learners design and conducts collaborative learning activities.

Taking a look more closely at the name:

• Extreme: XLP explores frontiers, identifies boundaries, and helps participants push those boundaries.

• Learning: XLP enables individual learning, group learning, and large-scale crowd learning.

• Process: XLP has a clear process, through which participants prepare, deploy, and execute missions.

XLP is a crowd-learning system that facilitates collective learning in this increasingly complex world. Learners are empowered to work together within and between teams, and incorporate both digital and physical elements.

XLP is not merely about improving individual learning, but also measuring and improving organizational learning.

Logic Model

Template for XLP Logic Model:

MIT 16.89 Spring 2019 Logic Model:

1. Context	{{{context}}}
2. Goal	{{{goal}}}
3. Measurable Effects	{{{effects}}}
4. Outputs	5. Process	6. Inputs
{{{outputs}}}	{{{process}}}	{{{inputs}}}
7. External Factors	{{{ef}}}

Grading

The grading policies of MIT and the faculty will be observed.

• Contributions to each sprint deliverable: 15 points (6x)
• Participation in class discussions: 10 points
• Total (maximum): 100 points

Policy on student integrity:

The policies of MIT and the faculty should be reviewed by the student. In this subject all assignments are group assignments. Individual student contributions will be visible by in XLP in terms of content uploaded and edited with particular emphasis on the Demos.

Class Website and XLP:

Class Website: The 16.89 Satellite Engineering class website is on Stellar: Stellar for 16.89

The project teams will use XLP as a shared repository: XLP for 16.89

Software (MATLAB, STK, SPACENET)

Space Systems Laboratory Software License: James Clark

MATLAB: Student licenses available at: https://ist.mit.edu/matlab/all

STK: Student licenses, the procedure below TBC:

• STK is currently only available on Windows. (You may be able to run it on other platforms using virtual machines as MIT IS&T has Windows7 VMs).

1. Verify that you meet the system requirements at http://www.agi.com/products/stk/
2. Use your MIT e-mail address to log-in to AGI or to create a new account
3. Download free version: Save the file to your desktop
4. Extract all files
5. Install
6. Follow on-screen prompts to install STK
7. At the end of the installation DO NOT check “obtain licenses” box
8. Open AGI License manager
9. Email the STK SSL software representatives (see above):

• Host ID
• Registration ID
• Operating system
• Full name

10.The SSL software representatives will e-mail you a license and installation instructions.

SPACENET: The SpaceNet space mission design software is available for download under a GNU open source license. The software is written in JAVA and is platform independent: SpaceNet downlink

Recommended Readings

• Cameron, Crawley, and Selva, “System Architecture: Strategy and Product Development for Complex Systems,” 1st Edition, Pearson.
• Larson, W.J. and Wertz, J.R., 1992. Space mission analysis and design (No. DOE/NE/32145-T1). Torrance, CA (United States); Microcosm, Inc.
• Review of US Human Spaceflight Plans Committee, Augustine, N.R., Austin, W.M., Bajmuk, B.I., Chiao, L., Chyba, C., Crawley, E.F., Greason, J.K., Kennel, C.F., Lyles, L.L. and Ride, S.K., 2009. Seeking a human spaceflight program worthy of a great nation. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/396093main_HSF_Cmte_FinalReport.pdf
• SpaceNet: Simulation and optimization software for space exploration logistics based on time-expanded transportation networks, v1.3, v1.4 (Matlab-based), v2.5 (JAVA-based), Report: NASA/TP-2007-214725. This tool has been accredited for lunar campaign logistics analysis by JPL and NASA and in 2007 was ranked 1st out of over 20 models and simulations in terms of relevance to the NASA Constellation Program. More information at: http://spacenet.mit.edu Latest GNU public release 2.5r2 in Sep. 2012
• Houbolt, J.C., 1961. Manned lunar-landing through use of lunar-orbit rendezvous. NASA, Washington, DC, Tech. Rep. NASA-TM-74736 Media:HouboltReport.pdf
• Ishimatsu, T., de Weck, O.L., Hoffman, J.A., Ohkami, Y. and Shishko, R., 2015. Generalized multicommodity network flow model for the earth–moon–mars logistics system. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 53(1), pp.25-38.File:2 67 JSR GMCNF Earth-Moon-Mars 2015.pdf
• Hoffman, J.A., Rapp, D. and Hecht, M., 2015. The Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE) on the Mars 2020 Rover, AIAA SPACE 2015 Conference and Exposition (p. 4561)
• Ben Koo, Alex Cureton-Griffiths, Gautam Mitra, Sam Sanders, Awid Vaziry, XLP Owner’s Manual, Version 1.42 - Sep 11, 2018
• Leffingwell, D., 2016. SAFe® 4.0 Reference Guide: Scaled Agile Framework® for Lean Software and Systems Engineering. Addison-Wesley Professional